Apparatus and techniques that the practical must use or cover
Use of appropriate apparatus to make and record a range of measurements accurately, including mass, time, temperature, and volume of liquids and gases.
Making and recording of appropriate observations during chemical reactions including changes in temperature and the measurement of rates of reaction by a variety of methods such as production of gas and colour change.
Risk Asessment
As a general rule, eye protection (goggles) must be worn for all practicals.
| hazard | possible harm | precaution |
|---|---|---|
| hot hydrochloric acid |
skin and eye irritation, burns to the skin |
wear gloves, do not heat above 60°C |
| gases escaping from reaction |
may damage skin and eyes |
place cotton wool at opening of conical flask to minimse gas escape |
| hot sodium thiosulfate solution |
burns to the skin |
do not heat above 60°C |
| sulfur dioxide |
irritation to the eyes and lungs, particularly to people with asthma |
lab needs to be well ventilated |
This risk assessment is provided as an example only, and you must perform your own risk assessment before doing this experiment.
Apparatus
Each group will need:
marble chips (3 sizes)
hydrochloric acid (3 concentrations)
250 ml conical flask
100 ml gas syringe
water bath
sodium thiosulfate
50 ml measuring cylinder
stop clock or stopwatch
10 ml measuring cylinder
thermometer
Experiment Set-up
Activity 1
Activity 2
Method
Part 1 - Investigate the rate of a reaction by measuring the production of a gas
- use a measuring cylinder to add 50 ml of hydrochloric acid to a conical flask
- add 0.5 g of marble chips (calcium carbonate) to the flask, and immediately connect the gas syringe and start a timer
- at every 20 seconds, record how much gas has been produced
- when the reaction is complete, clean the apparatus as instructed by your teacher
- repeat steps 1 to 5 with either:
- different sized marble chips
- different concentrations of hydrochloric acid
- different temperatures of the acid
- different sized marble chips
Part 2 - Investigate the rate of a reaction by observing a colour change
- use a measuring cylinder to add 50 ml of sodium thiosulfate solution to a conical flask
- measure and record the temperature of the solution
- place the conical flask on a piece of paper with a black cross drawn on it
- use another measuring cylinder to add 10 ml of hydrochloric acid to the flask, and immediately start a timer
- when the cross is no longer visible record the time taken, and then clean the apparatus as instructed by your teacher
- repeat steps 1 to 6 with different starting temperatures of sodium thiosulfate solution
Results and Analysis
Part 1 - Investigate the rate of a reaction by measuring the production of a gas
| time (s) | volume of gas produced (ml) |
|---|---|
| 0 | 0 |
| 20 | |
| ... |
For each concentration/chip size/temperature, plot a graph on the same set of axes to show:
- volume of gas (ml) on the Y axis (vertical)
- time (s) on the X axis (horizontal)
- a curve of best fit
Calculate the mean rate of reaction for each concentration/chip size/temperature.
Describe the effect of increasing the concentration/increasing chip size/increasing the temperature on the mean rate of reaction.
Part 2 - Investigate the rate of a reaction by observing a colour change
| temperature (°C) |
reaction time (s) |
rate [1000 ÷ time] (/s) |
|---|---|---|
| 20 | 80 | 12.5 |
| 30 | 55 | 18.2 |
| 40 | 30 | 33.3 |
Calculate 1000 ÷ time for each temperature. This value is proportional to the rate of reaction.
Plot a graph to show:
- reaction rate (/s) on the Y axis (vertical)
- temperature (°C) on the X axis (horizontal)
- a curve of best fit
Describe the effect of increasing the temperature of the reaction mixture on the rate of reaction.
Exam Question and Model Answer
A chemical company makes calcium chloride by reacting calcium carbonate and hydrochloric acid. They think they can increase the rate of reaction by increasing the concentration of the acid. Describe an experiment they could do in a laboratory to be able to test this idea.
[6 marks]
Level 1 (1-2 marks)
Add calcium carbonate powder to a conical flask.
Pour hydrochloric acid into the flask, mix, and immediately attach a gas syringe.
Measure how much gas has been produced every 20 seconds, and record in a table.
Compare the results to find out which reaction has a faster rate.
Level 2 (3-4 marks)
Add calcium carbonate powder to a conical flask.
Pour hydrochloric acid into the flask, mix, and immediately attach a gas syringe.
Measure how much gas has been produced every 20 seconds, and record in a table.
Repeat these steps with other concentrations of hydrochloric acid as well (keep the volume the same).
Compare the results to find out which reaction has a faster rate.
Level 3 (5-6 marks)
Add 5 g of calcium carbonate powder to a conical flask.
Using a measuring cylinder, pour and mix 20 ml of 0.5 mol/dm3 hydrochloric acid into the flask, and immediately attach a gas syringe.
Measure how much gas has been produced every 20 seconds, and record in a table.
Repeat these steps with 1.0 mol/dm3 and 1.5 mol/dm3 hydrochloric acid as well (keeping the temperature, volume of acid the same, and the mass of the calcium carbonate the same).
Calculate the rate of each reaction (volume ÷ time), and compare the results to find out which reaction has a faster rate.